We explore how spatial interaction affects the strategic use of municipal income when deciding between 1) an optimal long-run expenditure strategy versus 2) using the current income to finance current activities, a phenomenon known as the permanent income hypothesis. Even when this hypothesis is grounded in temporal logic, insufficient attention has been given to the impact of spatial dependence on this type of budget decision. Therefore, we present two reasons why spatial interaction adds new insight to this discussion.

Aligning development and climate goals means Africa’s energy systems will be based on clean energy technologies in the long term, but pathways to get there are uncertain and variable across countries. Although current debates about natural gas and renewables in Africa are heated, they largely ignore the substantial context specificity of the starting points, development objectives and uncertainties of each African country’s energy system trajectory.

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With an increasing decoupling trend between welfare and wealth, alleviating the decoupling trend has become a key issue on the agenda of sustainable development. This paper verifies the existence of the decoupling and examines the effects of legislation on the trend. By conducting an analysis on China's 31 provinces from 1986 to 2018, we find that legislation improvement can notably alleviate the decoupling trend.

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