Highlights

• Consumption of firewood decreases while charcoal and LPG increases with land-use change/intensity The factors that determine the choice of energy included Land-use change/intensity and the livelihood activities.

• Sustainable energy policy should embrace energy stacking and strongly encourage reforestation.

One of the important developmental topics of global concern is how
to achieve sustainable urban development in developing countries
where urban sprawl is very rapid. This is because urban sprawl
have adverse consequences on the environment and human
welfare. Indicator-based methods have become popular among
the approaches developed to determine sustainability of urban
environments and have been widely used to measure sustainable
development of cities. This paper uses Shannon’s entropy to

Highlights

Both in the United States and in Europe there is ongoing work on reversing habitat fragmentation and the attendant loss in biodiversity in river systems caused by hydropower and other developments. Fish ladders and other measures are being introduced to restore the connectivity in river systems. In this paper, we set up a theoretical model to investigate what the conditions are for such an investment to be socially profitable.

Highlights

• Studies assessing households' vulnerability to floods significantly ignore the element of underestimation.

• The concept of “Perceived Vulnerability” enhances the value of assessing flood risks.

• Gender differences of household heads exist in Perceived Vulnerability to urban floods.

• Age among male household heads determined underestimation of floods although non-linear.

Abstract