In contrast to previous research, which suggests that women's employment rises during negative household income shocks in low-income economies, the findings in this study, reveal that, despite an increased likelihood of seeking work due to aggregate income shocks, women's employment may not rise if their labor mobility is constrained. Moreover, the impact of climatic shocks may be enduring. The cross-sectional analysis indicates that gender disparities in non-farm employment and migration are more pronounced in villages exposed to higher risks from rainfall variability.

Abstract

AbstractEmployment income data are coarsened as a result of questionnaire design. In the previous chapter we saw that Statistics South Africa (SSA) ask two employment income questions: an exact income question with a showcard follow-up. In public-use datasets, this results in two income variables: a continuously distributed variable for exact income responses and a categorical variable for bounded income responses with separate categories for nonresponse. It is the task of the researcher to then generate a single income variable that effectively deals with this mixture of data types.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused serious disruptions in the school systems throughout the world. In this work we look at the effect that the pandemic had in non-cognitive skills of students in Mexico. Few studies have looked at this relationship and the studies available have looked at the effects on children in high-income countries. Our results show that growth mindset declined, while social awareness and self-management improved during the pandemic.

The success of Chilean salmon farming’s early cultivation stages is largely facilitated by access to high-quality water, which is provisioned by watersheds dominated by native forests and defined by high precipitation levels. In recent decades, human activities have increasingly affected both attributes. This study analyzed the risk of climate change in 123 watersheds that supply water to land-based salmon farms in south-central Chile (36.5−43°S).