The beef production chain in Campeche consists of five links: a) inputs, b) production, c) collection, d) transformation, and e) commercialization. On the other hand, this study reveals a series of bottlenecks and limitations within the sector, which, being a production chain, are more commonly found in the primary links, such as the lack of price regulation, investment, technology, and associativism, among others.

The main outcome of this study reveals that beef cattle activity exhibits the structure of a production chain due to the presence of independent actors, limited contractual relationships, and prioritization of volume - and price-based approaches. However, it does not consider aspects such as the production model or quality. Additionally, it was identified that there is a lack of access to information among the actors in the supply chain, among other factors. 

Using household surveys and spatial geographic data, we are able to control for socioeconomic and geographic characteristics at the individual and census-tract levels. Our results suggest that while payments did not affect poverty rates at the national level, poverty did increase in places where PES had the greatest effect on deforestation. This effect is stronger for uneducated males, who tend to work in agricultural activities.