One of the important developmental topics of global concern is how
to achieve sustainable urban development in developing countries
where urban sprawl is very rapid. This is because urban sprawl
have adverse consequences on the environment and human
welfare. Indicator-based methods have become popular among
the approaches developed to determine sustainability of urban
environments and have been widely used to measure sustainable
development of cities. This paper uses Shannon’s entropy to

Highlights

Highlights

• Studies assessing households' vulnerability to floods significantly ignore the element of underestimation.

• The concept of “Perceived Vulnerability” enhances the value of assessing flood risks.

• Gender differences of household heads exist in Perceived Vulnerability to urban floods.

• Age among male household heads determined underestimation of floods although non-linear.

Abstract
Introduction
Rapid urbanization increases competition for scarce urban resources and underlines the need for policies that promote equitable access to resources. This study examined equity and social inclusion of urban development policies in Nigeria through the lenses of access to health and food/nutrition resources.

Adapting to new climate conditions will require an intricate mix of knowledge, planning, coordination, and foresight. There is increasing sectoral evidence on the implementation of successful adaptation actions. However, the success of these actions when we consider the interdependencies among sectors remains debatable. This paper aims to assess who benefits from implementing adaptation options in a multiuser river basin to both climate-induced and demographic stress on water use.