Abstract

Background

Although there is an international obligation to reduce GHG from the transport sector by 2030, it appears that emissions, especially from heavy transport, continue to increase. In a project financed by NORDEN (Nordic Council of Ministers), measures for CO2-emissions from freight transport in the Nordic region, with emphasis on road transport, will be reviewed.

The project - Sustainable Nordic Cities with Focus on Climate-Smart Mobility - aims to contribute to sustainable urban development by supporting the transition to fossil-free transport and accessibility in Nordic cities and urban regions. The potential to organise the Nordic society to be more transport-efficient is significant, and the remaining transports must become increasingly fossil-free.

Although rebound effects are well-known as a phenomenon, the question of how to avoid and minimize rebound effects have largely been ignored in practical policy. In this study, five concrete cases of measures and policies in the transport sector illustrate primary effects, rebound effects and possible strategies to avoid or minimize rebound effects. The cases were explored and analyzed in a series of workshops involving in total 15 researchers and societal actors.

During the last decades, important policies have been implemented to incorporate women into the labor market and reduce persistent gender inequalities, trying to balance the time allocation between paid and unpaid work. We assess the Chilean case considering couples' time allocation with explicit consideration of intrahousehold bargaining power (relative wages and education). The Chilean case is interesting because we use the first urban national survey of time use, which could help understand gender differences in labor participation.