Carrot or Stick: What Works for CAMPFIRE Communities in Zimbabwe?

Local communities in Africa benefit from protected areas through a number of activities such as grazing their livestock and revenues gained from touristic activities such as trophy hunting. These two activities are not independent because the feeding habits of large herbivores such as elephants prevent bush encroachment, thus maintaining healthy grasslands or pastures for livestock. In addition, the way the local community manages the elephants can substantially influence the productivity of not only livestock, but other species as well, thereby maintaining the ecological system in good condition. Both the grasslands, which provide pastures for livestock, and the elephant population could substantially and drastically deteriorate due to poor management