Environmental Services include all contributions of nature to humans, and these are relative according to the context and the existence of alternatives (IPBES 2019). Ecosystem degradation jeopardizes the sustainable provision of these services. In this context, Payne for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes arose as policy instruments that promote pro-environmental land use through financial incentives for actions that improve, maintain, or maximize the provision of ES (Kim et al. 2016). 

Human progress, poverty reduction, and environmental sustainability are core indicators target to be achieved by 2030. Substantial interaction resulting from anthropogenic activities with the intent of fostering prosperity is surging climate change.

The beef production chain in Campeche consists of five links: a) inputs, b) production, c) collection, d) transformation, and e) commercialization. On the other hand, this study reveals a series of bottlenecks and limitations within the sector, which, being a production chain, are more commonly found in the primary links, such as the lack of price regulation, investment, technology, and associativism, among others.

The main outcome of this study reveals that beef cattle activity exhibits the structure of a production chain due to the presence of independent actors, limited contractual relationships, and prioritization of volume - and price-based approaches. However, it does not consider aspects such as the production model or quality. Additionally, it was identified that there is a lack of access to information among the actors in the supply chain, among other factors. 

A survey was carried out on producers or managers of bovine milk production systems of small scale located in the municipalities of Tayutic, Tuis, and La Suiza. The information was obtained through semi-structured interviews applied to 43 owners/administrators of dairy farms located in the area. The structural, management, productive, and demographic variables of the respondents were investigated to identify the systems. Three production systems were identified using two multivariate analysis techniques: i) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and ii) Cluster Analysis (CA).

This final paper in the Special Issue on Latin America summarizes the contributions of the 15 previous and more specialized papers under the themes of 1) defining characteristics of Latin American forestry and its comparison with forestry in other parts of the world, 2) policies that make a difference specifically for  Latin America and 3) Latin America's developing forest industry.

Agricultural Land-Use Change (ALUC) is a major driver of global environmental change, not least via its direct impact on the sustainability and resilience of the rural economy. Its drivers are complex and have remained contentious, necessitating further empirical study. This study aims to derive context-specific evidence on the driving factors and effects of ALUC from different stakeholders’ perceptions. We carried out household surveys and participatory rural appraisal across Benue State, Nigeria.